Improvement in the performance and efficiency on self-deficient CaTiO3: Towards sustainable and affordable new-generation solar cells

Thin films of pure and self-deficient calcium titanites i.e., CaTiO$_3$, Ca$_{1-\alpha}$TiO$_3$, CaTi$_{1-\beta}$O$_3$ CaTiO$_{3-\gamma}$ have been deposited on ITO substrate using dip coating method. X-ray diffraction Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis confirm the structural morphology all thin films. Photocurrent measurement has done, it is observed that during incidence UV light as-prepared device (i.e., in "ON" state), a significant increase photocurrent (IUV) at zero voltage was case O deficient while Ti Ca smaller values photocurrents were seen. Responsivity detectivity CaTiO3 found to be maximum region they also showed contributions visible range possibly due presence self-deficiency. The sample exhibits lower resistance (higher recombination rate) than low voltage, but higher almost identical. Furthermore, theoretical calculations performed first-principles density-functional theory validate experimental findings CaTiO$_3$. Incident-photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) current density measured for CaTiO$_3$ samples. Maximum IPCE 25%-28% samples (280- 400 nm). We argue DFT combined with measurements offer reliable way enhance performance perovskite-based solar devices.